国际海洋货物运输中的基本险和附加险

David大卫2014

国际海洋货物运输中的基本险和附加险insurance of ocean transportation【第114期】
一、基本险

“基本险”包括：平安险(FREE FROM PARTICULAR AVERAGE，简称F．P．A)；水渍险(WITHPARTICULARAVERAGE，简称W．P．A)；一切险(ALL RISKS，简称A．R．)三种。

(1)平安险

平安险是国人的俗称，它的英文意思是：单独海损不赔。平安险的责任范围如下：

①被保险货物在运输途中由于恶劣气候、雷电、海啸、地震、洪水等自然灾害造成整批货物的全部损失或推定全损。以驳船运往或远离海轮时，每一驳船之货视为一整批。

②由于运输工具遭受搁浅、触礁、沉没、互撞、与流冰或其他物体碰撞以及失火、爆炸等意外事故造成被保险货物的部分损失。

③运输工具发生搁浅、触礁、沉没等意外事故，不论这意外事故发生之前或者之后货物在海上遭受了恶劣气候、雷电、海啸等自然灾害所造成的被保险货物的部分损失。

④在装卸转船过程中，被保险货物一件或数件落海所造成的全部损失或部分损失。

⑤运输工具遭遇自然灾害或意外事故，在避难港卸货所引起被保险货物的全部损失或部分损失。

⑥运输工具遭受自然灾害和意外事故，需要在中途的港口或者在避难港口停靠，因而引起的卸货、装货、存仓以及运送货物所产生的特别费用。

⑦发生共同海损所引起的牺牲、分摊费和救助费用。

⑧运输契约订有“船舶互撞责任”条款，根据该条款规定由货方偿还船方的损失。

(2)水渍险

水渍险是国人的俗称，它的英文意思是：负责单独海损。水渍险的责任范围除包括“平分险”的各项责任外，还负责被保险货物由于恶劣气候，雷电、海啸、地震、洪水等自然灾害造成的部分损失。水渍险虽然负责了单独海损，但对锈损、碰碎、破损以及散装货物的部分损失是不负责的。

特别要指出的是，平安险和水渍险只对海水所致的各种损失负责。被保险货物由于雨淋、雪水融化等淡水造成的损失，不包括在这两种险别的承保责任范围之中。

(3)一切险

一切险的责任范围除包括平安险和水渍险的所有责任外，还包括货物在运输过程中，因一般外来原因所造成的全部或部分损失。一切险是三种基本险中责任范围最大的一种。但是一切险并非对一切风险造成的损失都负责，它只对水渍险和一般外来原因引起的可能发生的风险负责，而对货物内在缺陷、自然损耗以及特殊外来原因(如战争、罢工)所引起的风险不负责赔偿责任。

上述三种基本险别，被保险人可以从中选择一种投保。

二、附加险

“附加险”又分为：一般附加险和特殊(别)附加险两类。

（1）一般附加险共有11种：偷窃，提货不着险；淡水雨淋险；短量险；混杂，玷污险；渗漏险；碰损，破碎险；串味险；受潮受热险；钩损险；包装破裂险和锈损险。

（2）特殊(别)附加险大致可以分为9种：交货不到险；进口关税险；舱面险；拒收险；黄曲霉素险；卖方利益险；出口货物到香港(包括九龙在内)或澳门存仓火险责任扩展；罢工险；战争险。

（3）在我国国际货运保险业务中，特别要注意的是附加险不能单独投保。投保人(被保险人)只有在投保了基本险别(又称主险)的基础上才能加保附加险。

Basic insurance  

Basic insurance includes FPA (FREE FROM PARTICULAR AVERAGE, refers to F.P.A); WPA (WITHPARTICULARAVERAGE, refers to W.P.A); All Risks (ALL RISKS, refers to A.R.).

(1) FPA

FPA is the common name and its English meaning is free of particular average. Its responsibility is as follows

① The total loss or constructive total loss of the insured goods caused by the inclement weather, lightning, tsunamis, earthquakes, floods and other natural disasters in transit. When transport to or away from the seagoing barges, each barge's cargo is viewed as a whole batch.

② The partial loss of the insured goods caused by the conveyance’s stranding, sinking, collision with floating ice or other objects and fire, explosions and other accidents.

③ The partial loss of the insured goods caused by the conveyance’s stranding and sinking and other contingency which is no matter it happens before or after the goods’ being stranded, sunk and other accidents.

④ The total loss and partial loss of the insured goods caused by one or several pieces dropping in the sea in the transshipment.

⑤ The total loss and partial loss of the insured goods caused by the conveyance hitting by natural disasters or accidents when the unloading in the port of refuge.

⑥ The special charges caused by the unloading, loading, storage and delivery of goods because of the conveyance’s suffering of the natural disasters and accidents, which needs the stop in the middle harbor or the port of refuge.

⑦The sacrifice, sharing costs and salvage costs caused by the occurrence of the general average.

⑧The contract of carriage has theShip collision liability clause and the cargo interest repay the loss of the ship according to this clause.

(2) WPA

WPA is the common name and its English meaning is in charge ofparticular average loss. Its responsibility including the partial loss of the insured goods caused by the inclement weather, lightning, tsunamis, earthquakes, floods and other natural disasters and every responsibility of the Share the risks. Although WPA is responsible for the particular average, it takes no responsibilities for the partial loss of the rust damage and breakage.

It is particular need to note that the FPA and WPA is only responsible for a variety of losses caused by seawater. The loss of the insured goods because of the rain, snow melt and other freshwater is not included.

(3) All Risks

The responsibility of all risks includes every responsibility of FPA and WPA and also the total and partial loss of the insured goods because of general external cause in transit. All insurance is the risk with the biggest range among the three basic risks. But it does not responsible for all the risks. It is only responsible for the WPA and risks of the general external causes, but for the inherent defects of the goods, natural losses and the risks of the special external causes( such as war and strike), it takes no responsibilities.

The insured can choose one of the above basic insurance.

Second, the additional risks

Additional insurance is divided into general additional risks and special additional risks.

（1）There are 11 kinds of general additional insurance thief, risk of non-delivery, fresh water and risk of shortage in weight, risk of intermixture & contamination,leakage risk,risk of breakage,risk of odor,risk of sweating and heating,risk of hook damage,risk of packing breakage and risk of rust.

（2）Special additional risks can be divided into nine kinds failure to deliver risk, risk of contingent import duty, on deck risk, rejection risk, aflatoxin risk, sellers contingent risk, inventory fire risk of exporting goods to Hong Kong(including Kowloon) or Macau, strike insurance and war risk.

（3）In China's international cargo insurance business, you should particularly pay attention that the additional risk can not insure alone. The applicant or the insured can only add the additional risk when he insure the basic risks and also known as the main risks.

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